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in which national park will you find the garden of eden

Written By Monday, May 16, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Biblical garden of God

In Abrahamic religions, the Garden of Eden (Hebrew: גַּן־עֵדֶן, gan-ʿĒḏen ) or Garden of God ( גַּן־יְהֹוֶה , gan-YHWH ), likewise called the Terrestrial Paradise, is the biblical paradise described in Genesis ii-three and Ezekiel 28 and 31.[i] [2]

The location of Eden is described in the Volume of Genesis as the source of 4 tributaries. Diverse suggestions accept been made for its location:[3] at the head of the Farsi Gulf, in southern Mesopotamia (at present Iraq) where the Tigris and Euphrates rivers encounter the sea;[4] and in Armenia.[five] [6] [7]

Like the Genesis alluvion narrative, the Genesis cosmos narrative and the business relationship of the Tower of Babel, the story of Eden echoes the Mesopotamian myth of a king, as a primordial man, who is placed in a divine garden to guard the tree of life.[eight] The Hebrew Bible depicts Adam and Eve as walking effectually the Garden of Eden naked due to their sinlessness.[9]

Mentions of Eden are also made in the Bible elsewhere in Genesis,[10] in Isaiah 51:3,[11] Ezekiel 36:35,[12] and Joel two:3;[13] Zechariah xiv and Ezekiel 47 use paradisical imagery without naming Eden.[14]

The name derives from the Akkadian edinnu , from a Sumerian word edin meaning "patently" or "steppe", closely related to an Aramaic root word meaning "fruitful, well-watered".[two] Another interpretation assembly the proper noun with a Hebrew discussion for "pleasure"; thus the Vulgate reads "paradisum voluptatis" in Genesis ii:viii, and the Douay–Rheims Bible, post-obit, has the diction "And the Lord God had planted a paradise of pleasance".[xv]

Biblical narratives [edit]

Genesis [edit]

Expulsion from Paradise, painting by James Tissot (c.  1896–1902)

The 2nd part of the Genesis cosmos narrative, Genesis ii:4–three:24, opens with YHWH-Elohim (translated hither "the 50ORD God")[a] creating the first man (Adam), whom he placed in a garden that he planted "eastward in Eden":[16]

And out of the ground made the Lord God to grow every tree that is pleasant to the sight, and good for food; the tree of life also in the midst of the garden, and the tree of noesis of good and evil.

— [17]

The man was free to swallow from whatever tree in the garden except the tree of life and tree of the noesis of adept and evil, which were taboo. Last of all, God made a adult female (Eve) from a rib of the homo to be a companion for the man. In Genesis iii, the man and the woman were seduced by the serpent into eating the forbidden fruit, and they were expelled from the garden to prevent them from eating of the tree of life, and thus living forever. Cherubim were placed due east of the garden, "and a flaming sword which turned every way, to guard the way of the tree of life".[eighteen]

Genesis 2:10-14[19] lists four rivers in clan with the garden of Eden: Pishon, Gihon, Hiddekel (the Tigris), and Phirat (the Euphrates). Information technology likewise refers to the land of Cush—translated/interpreted as Ethiopia, merely thought by some to equate to Cossaea, a Greek proper name for the state of the Kassites.[twenty] These lands lie north of Elam, immediately to the east of ancient Babylon, which, unlike Federal democratic republic of ethiopia, does lie inside the region existence described.[21] In Antiquities of the Jews, the first-century Jewish historian Josephus identifies the Pishon equally what "the Greeks chosen Ganges" and the Geon (Gehon) as the Nile.[22]

According to Lars-Ivar Ringbom, the paradisus terrestris is located in Takab in northwestern Iran.[23]

Ezekiel [edit]

In Ezekiel 28:12-nineteen[24] the prophet Ezekiel the "son of man" sets downwards God'due south word against the king of Tyre: the king was the "seal of perfection", adorned with precious stones from the 24-hour interval of his cosmos, placed by God in the garden of Eden on the holy mount every bit a guardian cherub. Yet, the male monarch sinned through wickedness and violence, and so he was driven out of the garden and thrown to the earth, where now he is consumed by God's fire: "All those who knew yous in the nations are appalled at yous, yous take come up to a horrible end and will exist no more." (Ezekiel 28:19).

According to Terje Stordalen, the Eden in Ezekiel appears to be located in Lebanon.[25] "[I]t appears that the Lebanese republic is an alternative placement in Phoenician myth (as in Ez 28,13, III.48) of the Garden of Eden",[26] and there are connections betwixt paradise, the Garden of Eden and the forests of Lebanese republic (possibly used symbolically) within prophetic writings.[27] Edward Lipinski and Peter Kyle McCarter have suggested that the garden of the gods, the oldest Sumerian analog of the Garden of Eden, relates to a mountain sanctuary in the Lebanese republic and Anti-Lebanon ranges.[28]

Proposed locations [edit]

Map showing the rivers in the Heart East known in English as the Tigris and Euphrates

The location of Eden is described in Genesis two:10–14:[29]

And a river went out of Eden to water the garden; and from thence it was parted, and became iv heads. The name of the first is Pishon; that is it which compasseth the whole country of Havilah, where in that location is golden; and the gold of that land is good; there is bdellium and the onyx stone. And the name of the second river is Gihon; the same is it that compasseth the whole land of Cush. And the proper noun of the 3rd river is Tigris; that is it which goeth toward the east of Asshur. And the quaternary river is the Euphrates.

Suggestions for the location of the Garden of Eden include[three] [30] the head of the Western farsi Gulf, equally argued past Juris Zarins, in southern Mesopotamia (at present Iraq and Kuwait) where the Tigris and Euphrates rivers encounter the sea;[iv] and in the Armenian Highlands or Armenian Plateau.[5] [31] [vi] [vii] British archaeologist David Rohl locates information technology in Iran, and in the vicinity of Tabriz, but this suggestion has not caught on with scholarly sources.[32]

Some religious groups have believed the location of the garden to exist local to them, outside of the Heart E. Some early leaders of Mormonism held that it was located in Jackson County, Missouri.[33] The 20th-century Panacea Order believed it was located at the site of their abode town of Bedford, England,[34] while preacher Elvy E. Callaway believed it was on the Apalachicola River in Florida, almost the town of Bristol.[35] Some suggested that the location is in Jerusalem.[36]

On his third voyage to the Americas in 1498, Christopher Columbus idea he may have reached the Earthly Paradise upon beginning seeing the South American mainland.[37]

Eridu Hypothesis [edit]

Archeologist Richard James Fischer believes Eridu was the location that inspired the story.[38]

Parallel concepts [edit]

Map by Pierre Mortier, 1700, based on theories of Pierre Daniel Huet, Bishop of Avranches. A caption in French and Dutch reads: Map of the location of the terrestrial paradise, and of the country inhabited past the patriarchs, laid out for the skilful understanding of sacred history, past M. Pierre Daniel Huet

A number of parallel concepts to the biblical Garden of Eden exist in various other religions and mythologies. Dilmun in the Sumerian story of Enki and Ninhursag is a paradisaical abode[39] of the immortals, where sickness and death were unknown.[40] The garden of the Hesperides in Greek mythology was also somewhat like to the Jewish concept of the Garden of Eden, and by the 16th century a larger intellectual clan was made in the Cranach painting. In this painting, simply the action that takes identify there identifies the setting as singled-out from the Garden of the Hesperides, with its golden fruit.

The discussion "paradise" entered English from the French paradis , inherited from the Latin paradisus , from the Greek parádeisos ( παράδεισος ). The Greek, in plow, was derived from an Old Iranian form, itself from the Proto-Iranian *parādaiĵah-, "walled enclosure", which was derived from the Old Persian 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎹𐎭𐎠𐎶 (p-r-d-y-d-a-thousand, /paridaidam/ , whence from the Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌⸱𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬰𐬀 , pairi-daêza- . The literal meaning of this word is "walled (enclosure)", from pairi- 'around' (cognate with the Greek περί and the English peri-, of identical meaning), and -diz, "to make, form (a wall), build" (cognate with the Greek τεῖχος , 'wall'). The word'south etymology is ultimately derived from a PIE root, *dheigʷ , "to stick and set up (a wall)", and *per , "around".

By the 6th/5th century BCE, the Old Iranian discussion had been borrowed into the Akkadian language every bit pardesu , "domain". It subsequently came to point the expansive walled gardens of the First Farsi Empire, and was after borrowed into a number of languages; into Greek as παράδεισος ( parádeisos ), "park for animals", in Anabasis, the most famous piece of work of the early 4th century BCE Athenian Xenophon; into Aramaic as pardaysa , "royal park"; and into Hebrew as {{transl|he|pardes ( פַּרְדֵּס ), "orchard", appearing thrice in the Tanakh: in the Vocal of Solomon (4:13), Ecclesiastes (two:5) and Nehemiah (ii:viii).

In the Septuagint (3rd–1st centuries BCE), the Greek παράδεισος ( parádeisoswas ) used to interpret both the Hebrew פרדס ( pardesand ) and גן ( gan ), significant "garden" (east.g. (Genesis ii:8, Ezekiel 28:13): it is from this usage that the utilise of "paradise" to refer to the Garden of Eden derives. The same usage also appears in Arabic and in the Quran every bit firdaws فردوس .

The idea of a walled enclosure was non preserved in most Iranian usage, and generally came to refer to a plantation or other cultivated expanse, not necessarily walled. For example, the Old Iranian word survives equally pardis in New Persian, besides as its derivative pālīz (or jālīz ), which denotes a vegetable patch.

The give-and-take pardes occurs three times in the Hebrew Bible, but ever in contexts other than a connection with Eden: in the Song of Solomon 4:13: "Thy plants are an orchard ( pardes ) of pomegranates, with pleasant fruits; camphire, with spikenard"; Ecclesiastes ii:v: "I made me gardens and orchards ( pardes ), and I planted trees in them of all kind of fruits"; and in Nehemiah 2:viii: "And a letter unto Asaph the keeper of the rex'due south orchard ( pardes ), that he may give me timber to make beams for the gates of the palace which appertained to the firm, and for the wall of the metropolis." In these examples, pardes clearly means "orchard" or "park", but in the apocalyptic literature and in the Talmud "paradise" gains its associations with the Garden of Eden and its heavenly prototype, and in the New Testament "paradise" becomes the realm of the blessed (as opposed to the realm of the cursed) among those who have already died, with literary Hellenistic influences.

Other views [edit]

Jewish eschatology [edit]

In the Talmud and the Jewish Kabbalah,[41] the scholars agree that there are ii types of spiritual places called "Garden in Eden". The commencement is rather terrestrial, of arable fertility and luxuriant vegetation, known as the "lower Gan Eden" ( gan meaning garden). The 2nd is envisioned equally existence celestial, the habitation of righteous, Jewish and non-Jewish, immortal souls, known every bit the "higher Gan Eden". The rabbis differentiate between Gan and Eden. Adam is said to have dwelt only in the Gan , whereas Eden is said never to be witnessed past any mortal eye.[41]

According to Jewish eschatology,[42] [43] the college Gan Eden is called the "Garden of Righteousness". It has been created since the beginning of the globe, and will appear gloriously at the end of time. The righteous dwelling there will enjoy the sight of the heavenly chayot carrying the throne of God. Each of the righteous will walk with God, who will lead them in a dance. Its Jewish and non-Jewish inhabitants are "clothed with garments of calorie-free and eternal life, and eat of the tree of life" (Enoch 58,three) near to God and his all-powerful ones.[43] This Jewish rabbinical concept of a higher Gan Eden is opposed by the Hebrew terms gehinnom [44] and sheol , figurative names for the identify of spiritual purification for the wicked dead in Judaism, a place envisioned as being at the greatest possible distance from heaven.[45]

In modern Jewish eschatology it is believed that history volition complete itself and the ultimate destination will exist when all mankind returns to the Garden of Eden.[46]

[edit]

In the 1909 book Legends of the Jews, Louis Ginzberg compiled Jewish legends establish in rabbinic literature. Among the legends are ones about the two Gardens of Eden. Across Paradise is the higher Gan Eden, where God is enthroned and explains the Torah to its inhabitants. The higher Gan Eden contains three hundred and ten worlds and is divided into seven compartments. The compartments are not described, though it is implied that each compartment is greater than the previous one and is joined based on one'due south merit. The showtime compartment is for Jewish martyrs, the second for those who drowned, the tertiary for "Rabbi Johanan ben Zakkai and his disciples," the quaternary for those whom the cloud of celebrity carried off, the 5th for penitents, the sixth for youths who accept never sinned; and the 7th for the poor who lived decently and studied the Torah.

In chapter two, Legends of the Jews gives a brief description of the lower Gan Eden. The tree of knowledge is a hedge around the tree of life, which is and then vast that "it would take a man five hundred years to traverse a altitude equal to the diameter of the trunk". From beneath the trees flow all the world'due south waters in the grade of iv rivers: Tigris, Nile, Euphrates, and Ganges. Subsequently the fall of homo, the globe was no longer irrigated by this water. While in the garden, though, Adam and Eve were served meat dishes by angels and the animals of the world understood human language, respected mankind as God's image, and feared Adam and Eve. When one dies, 1's soul must pass through the lower Gan Eden in order to achieve the higher Gan Eden. The way to the garden is the Cave of Machpelah that Adam guards. The cave leads to the gate of the garden, guarded by a cherub with a flaming sword. If a soul is unworthy of inbound, the sword annihilates information technology. Within the garden is a colonnade of fire and smoke that extends to the higher Gan Eden, which the soul must climb in order to reach the college Gan Eden.

Islamic view [edit]

Mozarabic globe map from 1109 with Eden in the East (at height)

The term jannāt ʿadni ("Gardens of Eden" or "Gardens of Perpetual Residence") is used in the Quran for the destination of the righteous. In that location are several mentions of "the Garden" in the Quran,[48] while the Garden of Eden, without the give-and-take ʿadn ,[49] is ordinarily the 4th layer of the Islamic heaven and non necessarily thought as the home place of Adam.[50] The Quran refers frequently over various Surah about the first domicile of Adam and Hawwa (Eve), including surat Sad, which features 18 verses on the subject (38:71–88), surat al-Baqara, surat al-A'raf, and surat al-Hijr although sometimes without mentioning the location. The narrative mainly surrounds the resulting expulsion of Hawwa and Adam after they were tempted past Iblis (Satan). Despite the biblical account, the Quran mentions just one tree in Eden, the tree of immortality, from which God specifically forbade Adam and Eve. Some exegesis added an account, about Satan, disguised as a serpent to enter the Garden, repeatedly told Adam to swallow from the tree, and somewhen both Adam and Eve did so, resulting in disobeying God.[51] These stories are also featured in the hadith collections, including al-Tabari.[52]

Latter Twenty-four hour period Saints [edit]

Followers of the Latter Day Saint motility believe that later on Adam and Eve were expelled from the Garden of Eden they resided in a place known as Adam-ondi-Ahman, located in present-day Daviess County, Missouri. Information technology is recorded in the Doctrine and Covenants that Adam blessed his posterity there and that he volition return to that place at the time of the final judgement[53] [54] in fulfillment of a prophecy set up forth in the Bible.[55]

Numerous early leaders of the Church building, including Brigham Young, Heber C. Kimball, and George Q. Cannon, taught that the Garden of Eden itself was located in nearby Jackson County,[33] simply at that place are no surviving get-go-hand accounts of that doctrine being taught by Joseph Smith himself. LDS doctrine is unclear as to the verbal location of the Garden of Eden, but tradition amidst Latter-Day Saints places information technology somewhere in the vicinity of Adam-ondi-Ahman, or in Jackson Canton.[56] [57]

Gnosticism [edit]

The 2nd-century Gnostic teacher Justin held that there were 3 original divinities, a transcendental beingness called the Good, an intermediate male person figure known every bit Elohim and Eden who is an Earth-mother. The world is created from the honey of Elohim and Eden, simply evil later is brought into the universe when Elohim learns of the existence of the Practiced to a higher place him and ascends trying to achieve information technology.[58]

Art and literature [edit]

Art [edit]

One of oldest depictions of Garden of Eden is made in Byzantine mode in Ravenna, while the city was still nether Byzantine control. A preserved blueish mosaic is part of the mausoleum of Galla Placidia. Circular motifs represent flowers of the garden of Eden. The Garden of Eden motifs most often portrayed in illuminated manuscripts and paintings are the "Sleep of Adam" ("Cosmos of Eve"), the "Temptation of Eve" by the Serpent, the "Fall of Human being" where Adam takes the fruit, and the "Expulsion". The idyll of "Naming Mean solar day in Eden" was less often depicted. Michelangelo depicted a scene at the Garden of Eden on the Sistine Chapel ceiling.

  • Afterward wandering through the Garden of Eden, Eve takes the forbidden fruit while Lilith speaks to Adam (by Carl Poellath, c. 1886)

Literature [edit]

For many medieval writers, the paradigm of the Garden of Eden too creates a location for human love and sexuality, often associated with the classic and medieval trope of the locus amoenus.[59]

In the Divine Comedy, Dante Alighieri places the Garden at the pinnacle of Mt. Purgatory. Dante, the pilgrim, emerges into the Garden of Eden in Canto 28 of Purgatorio. Here he is told that God gave the Garden of Eden to human "in earnest, or as a pledge of eternal life," but man was only able to dwell at that place for a brusque fourth dimension considering he soon fell from grace. In the poem, the Garden of Eden is both human and divine: while it is located on earth at the summit of Mt. Purgatory, information technology also serves as the gateway to the heavens.[threescore]

Much of Milton'southward Paradise Lost occurs in the Garden of Eden.

The first deed of Arthur Miller's 1972 play Creation of the Earth and Other Business organization is prepare in the Garden of Eden.

Meet too [edit]

  • Antelapsarianism
  • Christian naturism
  • Epic of Gilgamesh
  • Eridu
  • Fertile Crescent
  • Gilded Age
  • Heaven in Judaism
  • Hesperides
  • Jannah
  • Nondualism
  • Farsi gardens
  • Purgatorio
  • Sacred garden
  • The Summerland
  • Tamoanchan
  • Utopia

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ See Names of God in Judaism

References [edit]

  1. ^ Metzger, Bruce Manning; Coogan, Michael D (2004). The Oxford Guide To People And Places Of The Bible. Oxford University Printing. p. 62. ISBN978-0-nineteen-517610-0 . Retrieved 22 December 2012.
  2. ^ a b Cohen 2011, pp. 228–229
  3. ^ a b Wilensky-Lanford, Brook (2012). Paradise Lust: Searching for the Garden of Eden . Grove Press. ISBN9780802145840. paradise animalism.
  4. ^ a b Hamblin, Dora Jane (May 1987). "Has the Garden of Eden been located at last? (Dead Link)" (PDF). Smithsonian. 18 (2). Archived from the original (PDF) on nine January 2014. Retrieved 8 Jan 2014.
  5. ^ a b Zevit, Ziony. What Actually Happened in the Garden of Eden? 2013. Yale University Press, p. 111. ISBN 9780300178692
  6. ^ a b Duncan, Joseph E. Milton'south Earthly Paradise: A Historical Study of Eden. 1972. University Of Minnesota Press, pp. 96, 212. ISBN 9780816606337
  7. ^ a b Scafi, Alessandro. Return to the Sources: Paradise in Armenia, in: Mapping Paradise: A History of Heaven on Earth. 2006. London-Chicago: British Library-Academy of Chicago Press, pp. 317–322. ISBN 9780226735597
  8. ^ Davidson 1973, p. 33.
  9. ^ Donald Miller (2007) Miller 3-in-one: Blue Like Jazz, Through Painted Deserts, Searching for God, Thomas Nelson Inc, ISBN 978-1418551179, p. PT207
  10. ^ Genesis 13:x
  11. ^ Isaiah 51:iii
  12. ^ Ezekiel 36:35
  13. ^ Joel ii:3
  14. ^ Tigchelaar 1999, p. 37
  15. ^ "Latin Vulgate Bible with Douay–Rheims and Rex James Version Side-by-Side+Consummate Sayings of Jesus Christ". world wide web.latinvulgate.com. Archived from the original on 2021-03-12. Retrieved 2021-03-10 .
  16. ^ Levenson 2004, p. thirteen "The root of Eden denotes fertility. Where the wondrously fertile gard was thought to have been located (if a realistic location was ever conceived) is unclear. The Tigris and Euphrates are the two groovy rivers of the Mesopotamia (at present plant in modernistic Iraq). Merely the Piston is unidentified, and the only Gihon in the Bible is a spring in Jerusalem (i Kings 1.33, 38)."
  17. ^ Genesis 2:ix
  18. ^ Genesis iii:24
  19. ^ Genesis two:10–fourteen
  20. ^ "The Jewish Quarterly Review". The Jewish Quarterly Review. University of Pennsylvania Press. 64–65: 132. 1973. ISSN 1553-0604. Retrieved 2014-02-19 . ...as Cossaea, the country of the Kassites in Mesopotamia [...]
  21. ^ Speiser 1994, p. 38
  22. ^ Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews. Book I, Affiliate 1, Section 3.
  23. ^ Lars-Ivar Ringbom, Paradisus Terrestris. Myt, Bild Och Verklighet, Helsingfors, 1958.
  24. ^ Ezekiel 28:12–19
  25. ^ Stordalen 2000, p. 164
  26. ^ Chocolate-brown 2001, p. 138
  27. ^ Swarup 2006, p. 185
  28. ^ Smith 2009, p. 61
  29. ^ Genesis 2:10–14
  30. ^ Ballad A. Hill, The Garden of Eden: A Modernistic Landscape' Perspectives on Science and Christian Religion 52 [March 2000]: 31-46 https://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/2000/PSCF3-00Hill.html
  31. ^ Day, John. Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan. 2002. Sheffield Bookish Press, p. 30. ISBN 9780826468307
  32. ^ Cline, Eric H. (2007). From Eden to Exile: Unraveling Mysteries of the Bible. National Geographic. p. ten. ISBN978-1-4262-0084-7.
  33. ^ a b "Joseph Smith/Garden of Eden in Missouri", FairMormon Answers
  34. ^ Shaw, Jane (2012). Octavia, Girl of God. Random House. p. 119. ISBN9781446484272.
  35. ^ Gloria Jahoda, The Other Florida, chap. iv, "The Garden of Eden." ISBN 9780912451046
  36. ^ "Jerusalem as Eden". 24 August 2015.
  37. ^ Bergreen, Lawrence (2011). Columbus: The Four Voyages, 1493–1504. Penguin Group US. p. 236. ISBN978-1101544327.
  38. ^ Fischer, Richard (2008). Historical Genesis: From Adam to Abraham. University Press of America. p. 227. ISBN9780761838067 . Retrieved 2 April 2022.
  39. ^ Mathews 1996, p. 96.
  40. ^ Cohen 2011, p. 229.
  41. ^ a b Gan Eden – JewishEncyclopedia; 02-22-2010.
  42. ^ Olam Ha-Ba – The Afterlife - JewFAQ.org; 02-22-2010.
  43. ^ a b Eshatology – JewishEncyclopedia; 02-22-2010.
  44. ^ "Gehinnom is the Hebrew name; Gehenna is Yiddish." Gehinnom – Judaism 101 websourced 02-10-2010.
  45. ^ "Gan Eden and Gehinnom". Jewfaq.org. Retrieved 2011-06-30 .
  46. ^ "Stop of Days". Aish. 11 January 2000. Retrieved i May 2012.
  47. ^ Qur'an, two:35, seven:19, xx:117, 61:12
  48. ^ See list of occurrences.
  49. ^ Patrick Hughes, Thomas Patrick Hughes Lexicon of Islam Asian Educational Services 1995 ISBN 978-8-120-60672-2 p. 133
  50. ^ Leaman, Oliver The Quran, an encyclopedia, p. 11, 2006
  51. ^ Wheeler, Brannon Mecca and Eden: ritual, relics, and territory in Islam p. sixteen, 2006
  52. ^ "Doctrine and Covenants 107:53".
  53. ^ "Doctrine and Covenants 116:1".
  54. ^ "Daniel 7:13–14, 22".
  55. ^ Bruce A. Van Orden, "I Take a Question: What exercise we know about the location of the Garden of Eden?", Ensign, January 1994, pp. 54–55.
  56. ^ "What is Mormonism? Overview of Mormon Beliefs – Mormonism 101". www.mormonnewsroom.org. 2014-10-13. Archived from the original on 2012-03-x. Retrieved 2018-10-31 .
  57. ^ "Gnosticism - Apocryphon of John". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2022-01-28 .
  58. ^ Curtius 1953, p. 200, n.31
  59. ^ "Dante Lab at Dartmouth College: Reader". dantelab.dartmouth.edu . Retrieved 2021-11-06 .

Bibliography [edit]

  • Brown, John Pairman (2001). State of israel and Hellas, Book 3. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN9783110168822.
  • Cohen, Chaim (2011). "Eden". In Berlin, Adele; Grossman, Maxine (eds.). The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion. Oxford University Press. ISBN9780199730049.
  • Curtius, Ernst Robert (1953). European Literature and the Latin Heart Ages . Princeton UP. ISBN978-0-691-01899-7. Translated by Willard R. Trask.
  • Davidson, Robert (1973). Genesis ane-xi (commentary by Davidson, R. 1987 [Reprint] ed.). Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Printing. ISBN9780521097604.
  • Levenson, Jon D. (2004). "Genesis: Introduction and Annotations". In Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi (eds.). The Jewish Study Bible . Oxford University Printing. ISBN9780195297515.
  • Mathews, Kenneth A. (1996). Genesis. Nashville, Tenn.: Broadman & Holman Publishers. ISBN9780805401011.
  • Smith, Marking S. (2009). "Introduction". In Pitard, Wayne T. (ed.). The Ugaritic Baal Cycle, book II. BRILL. ISBN978-9004153486.
  • Speiser, E.A. (1994). "The Rivers of Paradise". In Tsumura, D.T.; Hess, R.South. (eds.). I Studied Inscriptions from Before the Alluvion. Eisenbrauns. ISBN9780931464881.
  • Stordalen, Terje (2000). Echoes of Eden. Peeters. ISBN9789042908543.
  • Swarup, Paul (2006). The self-understanding of the Dead Sea Scrolls Community. Continuum. ISBN9780567043849.
  • Tigchelaar, Eibert J. C. (1999). "Eden and Paradise: The Garden Motif in some Early Jewish Texts (1 Enoch and Other Texts Institute at Qumran)". In Luttikhuizen, Gerard P (ed.). Paradise Interpreted. Themes in Biblical narrative. Leiden: Konninklijke Brill. ISBN90-04-11331-ii.
  • Willcocks, Sir William, Hormuzd Rassam. Mesopotamian Merchandise. Noah's Flood: The Garden of Eden, in: The Geographical Journal 35, No. four (April 1910). DOI: 10.2307/1777041

External links [edit]

  • Smithsonian article on the geography of the Tigris-Euphrates region
  • Many translations of Two Kings nineteen:12
  • "Eden". The American Cyclopædia. 1879.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_of_Eden

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